Most people are more comfortable with old
problems than with new solutions. -
Thursday, 28 July 2011
Monday, 25 July 2011
Psychology
preview of some books on google
http://books.google.co.in/books?uid=1056
simply search the topic you want to refer. you will get enough in preview
some books are available on 4shared.com too
Handbook of psychology at:
http://www.4shared.com/folder/xzFCSUdR/_
wikipedia books
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Psy
NCERT books should be the first and best to cover and online books can be used for topic wise reference.
And my personal favorite, lectures from MIT
http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cog
http://books.google.co.in/books?uid=1056
simply search the topic you want to refer. you will get enough in preview
some books are available on 4shared.com too
Handbook of psychology at:
http://www.4shared.com/folder/xzFCSUdR/_
wikipedia books
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Psy
NCERT books should be the first and best to cover and online books can be used for topic wise reference.
And my personal favorite, lectures from MIT
http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/brain-and-cog
jUDICIARY
Parliament is the ultimate judge of what law should be, SC the ultimate judge of what law means. That has to be maintained’
JUSTICE MUKUL MUDGAL.
This statement of can directly come for exam.
Which says that there should not be excess interference of branches of government in each others spheres.
he Hindu (24th July,2011 - front page) has an article mentioning the judiciousness of Art 136 of the Constitution stating clearly that the Supreme Court can, and must, suo moto indulge into illegality of any order passed by the High Court to uphold justice.
JUSTICE MUKUL MUDGAL.
This statement of can directly come for exam.
Which says that there should not be excess interference of branches of government in each others spheres.
he Hindu (24th July,2011 - front page) has an article mentioning the judiciousness of Art 136 of the Constitution stating clearly that the Supreme Court can, and must, suo moto indulge into illegality of any order passed by the High Court to uphold justice.
Saturday, 16 July 2011
PA Q&A
Factors Responsible for rise of Board and Commission type of Organization.
Board/commission type of Orgn
1) to facilitate joint discussions/deliberations when policy formulation is not complete
2) to represent and reconcile several interests
3) when wide discretion reqd, eg- UPSC, EC , etc
4) ensures admin integrity
Anti-Development thesis
Against the idea and methods of devlopmental....due to reaosn
1. Environmental degradation due to devlopement
Dev mainly concerned on economic devl ...lead to more problem of pollution , slums , GHG etc ..... climate unsustainable.....
later various climat initiatives ...rio earth summit 92, copenhagen , montreal protocol etc.........stresses on env sustainability
2. Social cost ..... Dev led to uprooting of some communties....and exploitation
eg ... narmada bachao andolan , current POSCO case .... these are anti devlomental movements...
3. Feminism .... dev male dominated, women bind devloment...dint recog the role of women .....her household activities....etc.....
many women cmissions etc emerged for the same.....
4. certain theorist--- applied dependency theores---- west using east for their own purpose..... east becomig dependent on west ......
5. Food security ...... too much mal nutrition in Africa...but they r growing cash crops like tea, cofee for trade.....is this devlopmemt? ...... food shld not be traded just like other commercial items like steel , minerals, oil etc.....
However criciticms for anti devel
1. dint look into the positives of developments..
2. Dint suggest the solutions......if not this then wht shld be done...
In the second half of the twentieth century many countries got independence from their colonial masters. In the last fifty years these countries gave special importance to Development (primarily economic development) to reduce poverty and provide better standard of living to their people (the goals of development).
Anti-Development Thesis criticizes the development models employed by these countries to achieve the goals of development. The criticism is centered around the costs of these development models. The costs include :
1. Social costs - Displacement of people due to industrial development etc and the resultant social tensions.
2. Environmental costs - Environmental degradation due to developmental projects like ports and mining.
3. Economic costs - By employing the present development models, the Asian and African countries are still reeling under external debt.
Though many countries achieved better economic growth, poverty continues to be a problem in the developing world and world over, the gap between the rich and the poor has been widening.
So, it calls for :
1. A broader notion of development which focus on the overall quality of life of the people, distribution, satisfaction of basic needs, valuable capabilities and functioning of the people eg. health, education, life expectancy etc.
2. Sustainable Development - Development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
conceptualisation means creating a general abstract on which ideas and actions are based on or in short "have a basic idea which can be developed"...so in this context more clear basic concepts so that PA can be better structured to play a legitimate role in the society......concepts are the building blocks of approaches....concepts like democratisation, decentralisation, methodological individualism, institutional pluralism etc........this is what is referred to as theorising in the context of social sciences and behavioural sciences......theorising and conceptualisation in the context of science tends to be more precise......
CA/DA
CPA and DA are essentially related to each other.DA may have started as one of the offshoots or approaches of CPA but later on attained enough depth to stand out on its own Quoting Dwight Waldo....."the essential point is that development administration though related to and overlapping with CPA is somewhat independent and competing orientation and it also enlists the interests and energies of some pub. administrationists" .. The similarity in the context of development of both CPA and DA link them strongly to each other (both are set in the background of administrative problems of the developing nations and the aid provided) . More over the comparative analysis of the different administrative settings have provided insight into the administration of development in these nations.....another major connecting link is FRED RIGGS and his ecological model which have been instrumental in the development of development administration by enumerating the relationship of the environment on developmental imperatives in developing countries......you could find more in the BA course material of IGNOU....
CPA mainly concentrated on theory building and theory testing.. hence it was a scholastic approach while DA was institution building and institution reorganizing meaning that it converted the theoretical foundations of CPA into practice....
Infact out of the criticism of CPA being too theoretical without giving any on the ground solutions to the problems faced in developing societies that DA emerged as a solution to such problems..
Hence DA could have been said to have emerged from the umbrella of CPA.
Board/commission type of Orgn
1) to facilitate joint discussions/deliberations when policy formulation is not complete
2) to represent and reconcile several interests
3) when wide discretion reqd, eg- UPSC, EC , etc
4) ensures admin integrity
Anti-Development thesis
Against the idea and methods of devlopmental....due to reaosn
1. Environmental degradation due to devlopement
Dev mainly concerned on economic devl ...lead to more problem of pollution , slums , GHG etc ..... climate unsustainable.....
later various climat initiatives ...rio earth summit 92, copenhagen , montreal protocol etc.........stresses on env sustainability
2. Social cost ..... Dev led to uprooting of some communties....and exploitation
eg ... narmada bachao andolan , current POSCO case .... these are anti devlomental movements...
3. Feminism .... dev male dominated, women bind devloment...dint recog the role of women .....her household activities....etc.....
many women cmissions etc emerged for the same.....
4. certain theorist--- applied dependency theores---- west using east for their own purpose..... east becomig dependent on west ......
5. Food security ...... too much mal nutrition in Africa...but they r growing cash crops like tea, cofee for trade.....is this devlopmemt? ...... food shld not be traded just like other commercial items like steel , minerals, oil etc.....
However criciticms for anti devel
1. dint look into the positives of developments..
2. Dint suggest the solutions......if not this then wht shld be done...
In the second half of the twentieth century many countries got independence from their colonial masters. In the last fifty years these countries gave special importance to Development (primarily economic development) to reduce poverty and provide better standard of living to their people (the goals of development).
Anti-Development Thesis criticizes the development models employed by these countries to achieve the goals of development. The criticism is centered around the costs of these development models. The costs include :
1. Social costs - Displacement of people due to industrial development etc and the resultant social tensions.
2. Environmental costs - Environmental degradation due to developmental projects like ports and mining.
3. Economic costs - By employing the present development models, the Asian and African countries are still reeling under external debt.
Though many countries achieved better economic growth, poverty continues to be a problem in the developing world and world over, the gap between the rich and the poor has been widening.
So, it calls for :
1. A broader notion of development which focus on the overall quality of life of the people, distribution, satisfaction of basic needs, valuable capabilities and functioning of the people eg. health, education, life expectancy etc.
2. Sustainable Development - Development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
conceptualisation means creating a general abstract on which ideas and actions are based on or in short "have a basic idea which can be developed"...so in this context more clear basic concepts so that PA can be better structured to play a legitimate role in the society......concepts are the building blocks of approaches....concepts like democratisation, decentralisation, methodological individualism, institutional pluralism etc........this is what is referred to as theorising in the context of social sciences and behavioural sciences......theorising and conceptualisation in the context of science tends to be more precise......
CA/DA
CPA and DA are essentially related to each other.DA may have started as one of the offshoots or approaches of CPA but later on attained enough depth to stand out on its own Quoting Dwight Waldo....."the essential point is that development administration though related to and overlapping with CPA is somewhat independent and competing orientation and it also enlists the interests and energies of some pub. administrationists" .. The similarity in the context of development of both CPA and DA link them strongly to each other (both are set in the background of administrative problems of the developing nations and the aid provided) . More over the comparative analysis of the different administrative settings have provided insight into the administration of development in these nations.....another major connecting link is FRED RIGGS and his ecological model which have been instrumental in the development of development administration by enumerating the relationship of the environment on developmental imperatives in developing countries......you could find more in the BA course material of IGNOU....
CPA mainly concentrated on theory building and theory testing.. hence it was a scholastic approach while DA was institution building and institution reorganizing meaning that it converted the theoretical foundations of CPA into practice....
Infact out of the criticism of CPA being too theoretical without giving any on the ground solutions to the problems faced in developing societies that DA emerged as a solution to such problems..
Hence DA could have been said to have emerged from the umbrella of CPA.
Friday, 15 July 2011
CAG-business standard
| Sukumar Mukhopadhyay: Can the CAG comment on policy? |
| The PM thinks not but the Constitution clearly mandates the public auditor to do so in certain circumstances |
| Sukumar Mukhopadhyay / July 9, 2011, 0:21 IST |
Recently the prime minister, at a meeting with some newspaper editors, criticised the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) for “going into policy issues that were not a part of its Constitutional mandate” (Business Standard, June 30). He said this against the background of recent controversies, particularly over the allocation of 2G spectrum for telecom and the allotment of the Krishna-Godavari (K-G) gas fields to private developers, in which the CAG examined and commented on certain policy matters.
The prime minister’s statement was not entirely correct. There are constitutional provisions that deal with the CAG’s role in policy and they are of great significance today. I am not discussing here the veracity or otherwise of the CAG’s findings on the issues but only whether it has the power under the Constitution to say that the receipts in the Consolidated Fund of India would have been higher by certain amounts if a particular policy was followed.
The CAG is an exalted post created by the Constitution. Articles 148 to 151 deal with his appointment, functions and reporting system. Under Article 148 (5) the “administrative power of the CAG shall be such as may be prescribed by rules made by the President after consultation with the CAG.” Accordingly the CAG’s (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) Act 1971 was passed by Parliament.
For receipts, the crucial section is Section 16 that reads thus: “It shall be the duty of the CAG to audit all receipts which are payable into the Consolidated Fund of India and of each State and each Union Territory having a Legislative Assembly and to satisfy himself that the rules and procedures in that behalf are designed(italics mine) to secure an effective check on the assessment, collection and proper allocation of revenue and are being duly observed ....”
Notice that Section 16 has two portions. The first portion (in italics) gives the CAG the power to satisfy himself that the rules and procedures are designed to get proper receipts. That is to say, he has the power to discuss the design of the rules and procedures. That involves policy. He can say, for example, that it would have been a better procedure to sell something by auction, since in that case the receipts to the Consolidated Fund of India would have been much higher. The second part of the section refers to ensuring that procedures “are being duly observed”. This portion is for ensuring compliance.
So, the first part of Section 16 entitles the CAG to examine the merit of the existing rule and procedures and say that an alternative procedure (system) would lead to better and a more just collection of receipts. This type of approach is known in audit circles as “system audit”. It has been done for more than three decades.
In fact, this is not the first time the CAG has suggested policy changes. In the early nineties, the extant rule in Customs was to give a refund if it was due. The CAG pointed out that this rule might lead to unjust enrichment of the recipient of the refund since he would have most probably already passed on the burden of higher tax to the buyer. At the insistence of the CAG and the Public Accounts Committee, the law was changed. Section 27 was amended by incorporating a proviso (with effect from December 23, 1991) by the Section 2 of the Customs Amendment Act, 1991. Similarly laws on excise and service tax have amended. Neither the finance minister at the time nor Parliament took exception to the change in the law, which occurred at the behest of the CAG. So it is quite clear that on the receipts side the law is certain that CAG is authorised to delve into and suggest changes in policy (rules and procedures) and he has been doing so for long enough.
On the expenditure side, the relevant section is Section 13 that reads thus: “It shall be the duty of CAG to audit all expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India and of each state...and to ascertain whether the monies shown in the accounts as having been disbursed were legally available and applicable to the service or purpose to which they have been applied or charged and whether the expenditure conforms to the authority which governs it.” This gives the CAG power to audit and to verify if the expenditure is according to the Budget allocation. If the CAG finds wasteful expenditure he is entitled to point it out, since it is against the implementation of the Budget allocation. It is not a policy matter.
The conclusion is that the Constitution does definitely provide the CAG with a clear mandate to delve into policy in respect of receipts but not in respect of expenditure. The 2G issue and the K-G gas field allotment issue concern matters of receipt. So it was well within the CAG’s mandate to say that if the policy was different, the receipts would have been so many thousands of crores more.
But if the government strongly feels that the Constitution does not give such a mandate, then the best course would be to make a Presidential Reference to the Supreme Court under Article 143 of the Constitution to settle the issue once and for all. It would be better than publicly debunking the Constitutional post of the CAG, which does little good to public morale. Above all, Article 38 (1) of the Constitution (Directive Principles) enshrines the provision that the state should promote the welfare of the people. The CAG’s reports on 2G and K-G have exactly done that.
pubad ans writing
ANSWER WRTIING - Pavan Sir
Trying to give a gist of the main points mentioned by Pavan Sir that would make an ideal answer.
1. Clarity - Answers should as clear as they can be.
2. Understanding the question - Critically important. Spend a minute or two but get the question right before you start.
3. Very short paragraphs, very short sentences.
4. Always try to answer the "Why" aspect of every question. Most students answer the "What" part but It is those who answer the Why that make it to the 350s.
5. Never REPEAT any point. Your answer should be Multi-Dimensional. Hence, don't give out all you have to say in the Intro itself.
6. Inter-Linkages - Link everything - will give you more dimenstions and substance. Paper 1 in Paper 2 can and should be linked and vice versa.
7. RELATE everything with Facts and Current Happenings. Whatever you say, Substantiate with Facts.
8. Always Have a Constructive, Optimistic and Futuristic Conclusion, even if the question is negative or critical.
He suggested reading the "Economic Survey" to understand and grasp the language one should write. (since it is largely written by Bureuacrats).
1. Clarity - Answers should as clear as they can be.
2. Understanding the question - Critically important. Spend a minute or two but get the question right before you start.
3. Very short paragraphs, very short sentences.
4. Always try to answer the "Why" aspect of every question. Most students answer the "What" part but It is those who answer the Why that make it to the 350s.
5. Never REPEAT any point. Your answer should be Multi-Dimensional. Hence, don't give out all you have to say in the Intro itself.
6. Inter-Linkages - Link everything - will give you more dimenstions and substance. Paper 1 in Paper 2 can and should be linked and vice versa.
7. RELATE everything with Facts and Current Happenings. Whatever you say, Substantiate with Facts.
8. Always Have a Constructive, Optimistic and Futuristic Conclusion, even if the question is negative or critical.
He suggested reading the "Economic Survey" to understand and grasp the language one should write. (since it is largely written by Bureuacrats).
Thursday, 14 July 2011
prep
) No need of paragraph....try to write as much as in points,,,,,i wtried to write almost all ans in points ( except economics questions)....my aim was to write more and more points....for ex in ques how can MP be disqualified i just wrote answer in 11 points.......
2) No sticking to word limit....i broke word limit in all questions......with about 20-25 words extra....this gve me liberty to put 2-3 more points
3) No introduction.....try to save words....sirf kaam ki baatein...in 100 words question i didnt even write conclusion....actually when examiner evaluates he has a model answer with him....that hardly contains introduction and all....my aim was to write as much points as possible.......
4) In 2 markers write in points.....always write 2-3 dimensions of topic...never write in one dimension......if possible break word limit by 5 words
5) Statistics was divided this time...half questions i did early rest i left for last moments
6) This time my aim was to increase my knowledge base.....i did about 2-3 coaching notes....didnt rely on single coaching
7) In IR always started from turning points.....for example in india-pak relations write tht after 2009 attacks the relation has taken a downturn etc......try to use lots of diplomatic words that we hear in day to day lives......eg india is even ready to walk an extra mile.....acc to manmohan ji theres enough space in this world for both india and china to grow.......
finally at the end a strong conclusion with complete analysis on relations....this should be of 50-60 words and in your own language....(i mean diplomatic lang)....always write diplomatic answer apne andar ki bhawnaein mat likh aana..........
8) In choice avoid opininon based open ended questions....they r highly tricky.....but iss saal to we were like " beggars r not choosers"
9) Pay emphasis on culture ek spectrum ki choti si culture ki book aati hai usse ratt lena
So i followed all these strategies and improved my marks....always remember that we get good marks not because we attempt more questions...but only because even if we attempt 400 but those questions should be written properly.....
For eg in question of complimentarity and competition btw highways and freight corridors....
i skipped intro
Just put heading competition and wrote 5-6 points
then placed heading complementarity and again 5-6 points
then finally a good conclusion
total-170 words
Finally coming to magazines.....i knew to be in top 70 out of 7 lakhs u have become different.....if i am following wat all others r following them i am also like rest 7 lakhs....so i tried to do different things....
i used to read frontline and used to write summary of every chapter i read....this saved a lot of time......
i didnt read any newspaper during last 2-3 moths.....actually i used to yawn reading hindu articles and always used to go to sleep midways....so i decided to leave hindu....i only read chronicle, frontline and yojana.......
I hope some of these methods may help u also in exam.....
History- NCERTs, Bipin Chandra and Spectrum Modern India
Polity- D D basu- constitution, bare act- p m bakshi, our parliament- subhash kashyap
Geog- Physical and Human geog- NCERTs and Goh Cheng leong- Physical Geography, one Atlas
Economics- Dutt Sundaram, PD-economics, Penguin dictionary, newspaper, NCERT macroeconomics
GMA- last ten years questions
Stats- NCERT
Current affairs- Hindu, TOI, yojana, frontline, kurukshetra, any current affairs magazine.
S&T- Spectrum and M&M
If you have time, you can supplement this with any good notes.
Thanks.
Shubhra.
First choose your 1st optional
2) No sticking to word limit....i broke word limit in all questions......with about 20-25 words extra....this gve me liberty to put 2-3 more points
3) No introduction.....try to save words....sirf kaam ki baatein...in 100 words question i didnt even write conclusion....actually when examiner evaluates he has a model answer with him....that hardly contains introduction and all....my aim was to write as much points as possible.......
4) In 2 markers write in points.....always write 2-3 dimensions of topic...never write in one dimension......if possible break word limit by 5 words
5) Statistics was divided this time...half questions i did early rest i left for last moments
6) This time my aim was to increase my knowledge base.....i did about 2-3 coaching notes....didnt rely on single coaching
7) In IR always started from turning points.....for example in india-pak relations write tht after 2009 attacks the relation has taken a downturn etc......try to use lots of diplomatic words that we hear in day to day lives......eg india is even ready to walk an extra mile.....acc to manmohan ji theres enough space in this world for both india and china to grow.......
finally at the end a strong conclusion with complete analysis on relations....this should be of 50-60 words and in your own language....(i mean diplomatic lang)....always write diplomatic answer apne andar ki bhawnaein mat likh aana..........
8) In choice avoid opininon based open ended questions....they r highly tricky.....but iss saal to we were like " beggars r not choosers"
9) Pay emphasis on culture ek spectrum ki choti si culture ki book aati hai usse ratt lena
So i followed all these strategies and improved my marks....always remember that we get good marks not because we attempt more questions...but only because even if we attempt 400 but those questions should be written properly.....
For eg in question of complimentarity and competition btw highways and freight corridors....
i skipped intro
Just put heading competition and wrote 5-6 points
then placed heading complementarity and again 5-6 points
then finally a good conclusion
total-170 words
Finally coming to magazines.....i knew to be in top 70 out of 7 lakhs u have become different.....if i am following wat all others r following them i am also like rest 7 lakhs....so i tried to do different things....
i used to read frontline and used to write summary of every chapter i read....this saved a lot of time......
i didnt read any newspaper during last 2-3 moths.....actually i used to yawn reading hindu articles and always used to go to sleep midways....so i decided to leave hindu....i only read chronicle, frontline and yojana.......
I hope some of these methods may help u also in exam.....
History- NCERTs, Bipin Chandra and Spectrum Modern India
Polity- D D basu- constitution, bare act- p m bakshi, our parliament- subhash kashyap
Geog- Physical and Human geog- NCERTs and Goh Cheng leong- Physical Geography, one Atlas
Economics- Dutt Sundaram, PD-economics, Penguin dictionary, newspaper, NCERT macroeconomics
GMA- last ten years questions
Stats- NCERT
Current affairs- Hindu, TOI, yojana, frontline, kurukshetra, any current affairs magazine.
S&T- Spectrum and M&M
If you have time, you can supplement this with any good notes.
Thanks.
Shubhra.
For Psychology, Mr. Mukul Pathak is the only one. I believe almost every student of Psychology in CS preparation avails of his guidance in one form or another. I have immensely benefited from being his student and he is more than just a teacher. He has been a mentor and friend too. I am not suggesting that every student should join his classes. But this is one of the ways I can thank him for his invaluable support and guidance.
Sources:
NCERT 11th & 12th
Baron
Ciccarelli
Mr. Mukul Pathak's class notes.
1.Focus on conceptual understanding.
2.All chapters of paper 1 are extremely important and interlinked. So do not leave any unit.
3.Practice answer writing in the prescribed time limit and try to get them evaluated by someone competent.
4.Make synoptical notes for every topic for easy reference. That helps in the final revision.
5.For paper 2, you need to use some daily life examples and put them in your answer.
Also try to add some theoretical aspects of paper 1.
2) Now buy syllabus of GS and your optional. Go through it comprehensively.
3) Buy previous 10 years question papers of prelims and mains for your optional and GS.
Make sure that these question papers are divided question wise.
4) Now go through the questions to understand the pattern of the paper. After you have seen what the exam expects out of you, start studying the basic books.
5) When you are studying basic books for GS and optional, do not go about making notes and cramming stuff. This first reading is meant to acquaint you with concepts. So focus on conceptual understanding no matter how factual the subject is.
6) Always try to understand the central aspect of any topic and not the peripheral aspects. Peripheral aspects will naturally follow.
7) Do not just start preparing for prelims exclusively. The idea is that you should first prepare holistically for prelims and mains together and towards the last 3 4 months you can focus exclusively on prelims.
8) Always keep sight of the question paper pattern. Do some problem solving for both prelims and mains.
9)Take regular breaks. Noone can keep working non stop. :-)
10) Keep a chart to track your progress. I did that and that helps.
hope this helps.
psy test
Vajiram and Ravi's TS
1 (a) What are schemas and how they affect memory? (100 words each , 10X6)
(b) Computer Simulation and AI difference.
(c) Compare and Contrast Chomsky and Piagetian views on Language Development
(d) Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis and asses the extent to which it is supported by research evidence.
(e) 'Moods can improve and Impair memory'. Discuss
(f) Perception as a process of putting concepts into action . Elaborate
2. (a) 'Multiple Intelligence has gone beyond the scope of unitary 'G' but the assessment of theses intelligences continues to invite debate.' Elaborate and provide account of the measures of Multiple Intelligence. (30)
(b) Role of reasoning,judgement and decision-making in Problem-solving.Evaluate the significance of expected utility principle in assisting problem solvers effort in arriving decisions.
3. (a) Theories of cognitive development by Piaget, Vygotsky and Info. Proc. theorists. How knowledge derived from these could be applied in education
(b) Creativity represents sum total of interaction between person , process , press and product . Elaborate
( Whats "press" here? anyone who knows please explain the term "press" )
4. What is Programmed Learning? How it is being used in HR DEvelopment? Discuss recent development in this field and far-reaching consequences produced. (60 marks)
1 (a) What are schemas and how they affect memory? (100 words each , 10X6)
(b) Computer Simulation and AI difference.
(c) Compare and Contrast Chomsky and Piagetian views on Language Development
(d) Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis and asses the extent to which it is supported by research evidence.
(e) 'Moods can improve and Impair memory'. Discuss
(f) Perception as a process of putting concepts into action . Elaborate
2. (a) 'Multiple Intelligence has gone beyond the scope of unitary 'G' but the assessment of theses intelligences continues to invite debate.' Elaborate and provide account of the measures of Multiple Intelligence. (30)
(b) Role of reasoning,judgement and decision-making in Problem-solving.Evaluate the significance of expected utility principle in assisting problem solvers effort in arriving decisions.
3. (a) Theories of cognitive development by Piaget, Vygotsky and Info. Proc. theorists. How knowledge derived from these could be applied in education
(b) Creativity represents sum total of interaction between person , process , press and product . Elaborate
( Whats "press" here? anyone who knows please explain the term "press" )
4. What is Programmed Learning? How it is being used in HR DEvelopment? Discuss recent development in this field and far-reaching consequences produced. (60 marks)
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)