Factors Responsible for rise of Board and Commission type of Organization.
Board/commission type of Orgn
1) to facilitate joint discussions/deliberations when policy formulation is not complete
2) to represent and reconcile several interests
3) when wide discretion reqd, eg- UPSC, EC , etc
4) ensures admin integrity
Anti-Development thesis
Against the idea and methods of devlopmental....due to reaosn
1. Environmental degradation due to devlopement
Dev mainly concerned on economic devl ...lead to more problem of pollution , slums , GHG etc ..... climate unsustainable.....
later various climat initiatives ...rio earth summit 92, copenhagen , montreal protocol etc.........stresses on env sustainability
2. Social cost ..... Dev led to uprooting of some communties....and exploitation
eg ... narmada bachao andolan , current POSCO case .... these are anti devlomental movements...
3. Feminism .... dev male dominated, women bind devloment...dint recog the role of women .....her household activities....etc.....
many women cmissions etc emerged for the same.....
4. certain theorist--- applied dependency theores---- west using east for their own purpose..... east becomig dependent on west ......
5. Food security ...... too much mal nutrition in Africa...but they r growing cash crops like tea, cofee for trade.....is this devlopmemt? ...... food shld not be traded just like other commercial items like steel , minerals, oil etc.....
However criciticms for anti devel
1. dint look into the positives of developments..
2. Dint suggest the solutions......if not this then wht shld be done...
In the second half of the twentieth century many countries got independence from their colonial masters. In the last fifty years these countries gave special importance to Development (primarily economic development) to reduce poverty and provide better standard of living to their people (the goals of development).
Anti-Development Thesis criticizes the development models employed by these countries to achieve the goals of development. The criticism is centered around the costs of these development models. The costs include :
1. Social costs - Displacement of people due to industrial development etc and the resultant social tensions.
2. Environmental costs - Environmental degradation due to developmental projects like ports and mining.
3. Economic costs - By employing the present development models, the Asian and African countries are still reeling under external debt.
Though many countries achieved better economic growth, poverty continues to be a problem in the developing world and world over, the gap between the rich and the poor has been widening.
So, it calls for :
1. A broader notion of development which focus on the overall quality of life of the people, distribution, satisfaction of basic needs, valuable capabilities and functioning of the people eg. health, education, life expectancy etc.
2. Sustainable Development - Development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
conceptualisation means creating a general abstract on which ideas and actions are based on or in short "have a basic idea which can be developed"...so in this context more clear basic concepts so that PA can be better structured to play a legitimate role in the society......concepts are the building blocks of approaches....concepts like democratisation, decentralisation, methodological individualism, institutional pluralism etc........this is what is referred to as theorising in the context of social sciences and behavioural sciences......theorising and conceptualisation in the context of science tends to be more precise......
CA/DA
CPA and DA are essentially related to each other.DA may have started as one of the offshoots or approaches of CPA but later on attained enough depth to stand out on its own Quoting Dwight Waldo....."the essential point is that development administration though related to and overlapping with CPA is somewhat independent and competing orientation and it also enlists the interests and energies of some pub. administrationists" .. The similarity in the context of development of both CPA and DA link them strongly to each other (both are set in the background of administrative problems of the developing nations and the aid provided) . More over the comparative analysis of the different administrative settings have provided insight into the administration of development in these nations.....another major connecting link is FRED RIGGS and his ecological model which have been instrumental in the development of development administration by enumerating the relationship of the environment on developmental imperatives in developing countries......you could find more in the BA course material of IGNOU....
CPA mainly concentrated on theory building and theory testing.. hence it was a scholastic approach while DA was institution building and institution reorganizing meaning that it converted the theoretical foundations of CPA into practice....
Infact out of the criticism of CPA being too theoretical without giving any on the ground solutions to the problems faced in developing societies that DA emerged as a solution to such problems..
Hence DA could have been said to have emerged from the umbrella of CPA.
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